一、旋风铣工艺兼顾效率&精度，为丝杠加工未来趋势丝杠导轨为核心传动部件，加工方式众多滚珠丝杠是将旋转运动转换成线性运动的理想传动装置，主要由丝杠轴、螺母、滚珠以及循 环部件组成。丝杠轴、螺母和端盖上都制有圆弧形螺旋槽，将它们套装在一起时，这些槽对 合起来就形成了螺旋通道，滚珠能够在通道内循环滚动。当丝杠相对于螺母旋转时，滚珠在 滚道内自转，同时又在封闭的滚道内循环运动，使丝杠和螺母相对产生轴向运动。 按加工方式来看，丝杠加工可以分为纯磨制工艺、轧制工艺和旋风铣工艺，目前旋风铣工艺 渗透率正逐步提升。

　　1、 The whirlwind milling process balances efficiency and accuracy, and is the future trend of screw machining. The screw guide is the core transmission component, and there are many processing methods. Ball screws are an ideal transmission device that converts rotational motion into linear motion, mainly composed of screw shafts, nuts, balls, and circulating components. The screw shaft, nut, and end cap are all made with arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are fitted together, these grooves align to form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates on its own in the raceway, while also circulating in the closed raceway, causing axial motion between the screw and nut. From the perspective of processing methods, screw machining can be divided into pure grinding process, rolling process, and whirlwind milling process. Currently, the penetration rate of whirlwind milling process is gradually increasing.

　　纯磨制工艺：传统方案，满足绝大多数丝杠加工要求纯磨制工艺主要加工步骤如下：

　　Pure grinding process: The traditional solution meets the requirements of the vast majority of screw processing. The main processing steps of pure grinding process are as follows:

　　（1）螺纹滚道车削+淬火：从一个圆钢的毛坯件（没有任何预处理），靠车床将丝杠上的滚 道慢慢地车削出来。滚道车削完后进行淬火，因为后续对滚道的磨削需要丝杠具有一定的硬度。

　　(1) Thread raceway turning+quenching: First, from a rough piece of round steel (without any pre-treatment), the raceway on the screw is slowly turned out by a lathe. After turning the raceway, quenching is carried out because subsequent grinding of the raceway requires the lead screw to have a certain hardness.

　　（2）粗磨+精磨：淬火完硬度合格之后，下一道工序是进行粗磨，把滚道的外圆和内壁进行 次粗打磨。粗磨完要进行时效处理（去掉热处理和机加工产生的应力），时效完成后再进行半精 磨和精磨，制成一个丝杠。

　　(2) Rough Grinding+Fine Grinding: After quenching and passing the hardness test, the next process is rough grinding, which involves the first rough grinding of the outer circle and inner wall of the raceway. After rough grinding, it needs to undergo aging treatment (to remove the stress generated by heat treatment and machining). After aging is completed, semi precision grinding and precision grinding are carried out, and finally a screw is made.

　　纯磨制工艺的特点在于：能满足绝大多数种类丝杠的加工要求，但加工周期长，效率低。旋风铣工艺：兼顾效率&精度，丝杠加工未来趋势旋风铣工艺主要加工步骤如下：

　　The characteristic of pure grinding technology is that it can meet the processing requirements of the vast majority of screw types, but the processing cycle is long and the efficiency is low. Whirlwind milling technology: Balancing efficiency and accuracy, the future trend of screw machining. The main processing steps of whirlwind milling technology are as follows:

　　（1）预先热处理：对金属圆棒进行淬火和简单的外圆磨削，来保证丝杠表面的硬度、尺寸和公差

　　(1) Pre heat treatment: quenching and simple external grinding of metal round bars to ensure the hardness, size, and tolerance of the screw surface

　　（2）旋风铣加工滚道：直接用旋风铣将丝杠上的螺纹滚道铣削出来，此时丝杠的精度已经达到C4-C5级别。

　　(2) Whirlwind milling for machining raceways: Directly use cyclone milling to mill the threaded raceways on the lead screw, and at this point, the accuracy of the lead screw has reached the C4-C5 level.

　　（3）定制切割：按照客户的要求，对丝杠的进行切割，对于精度要求不高的丝杠，加工这一步已经完成。

　　(3) Customized cutting: Cut the lead screw according to the customer's requirements. For lead screws with low precision requirements, the processing has been completed up to this step.

　　（4）磨床精磨：对于精度要求高的丝杠，需要用磨床对滚道进行精磨，此时精度会从C4-C5提升C1-C2。 旋风铣工艺兼顾效率和精度，是丝杠加工的未来趋势： 相较于磨制工艺，旋风铣工艺加工步骤较少，且对于预处理完的丝杠可以进行存储，因此效率更高。

　　(4) Grinding machine precision grinding: For high-precision screw, it is necessary to use a grinder to perform final precision grinding on the raceway, and the accuracy will be improved from C4-C5 to C1-C2. Cyclone milling technology balances efficiency and accuracy, and is the future trend of screw machining: compared to grinding technology, cyclone milling technology has fewer processing steps and can store pre processed screws, resulting in higher efficiency.

　　而和轧制 丝杠对比，旋风铣工艺也能够制作C1-C2精度级别的丝杠，加工精度更高。加工方案对比：各有所长，旋风铣综合效果更佳各有所长，旋风铣综合效果更佳，预计后续渗透率会持续提升：

　　Compared with rolling screw, the cyclone milling process can also produce screw with C1-C2 precision level, with higher machining accuracy. Comparison of processing schemes: Each has its own strengths, and the comprehensive effect of cyclone milling is better. Each has its own strengths, and the comprehensive effect of cyclone milling is better. It is expected that the penetration rate will continue to increase in the future:

　　①纯磨制工艺：缺点在于效率很低，30多道工序；而且是先刻画出滚道，再进行热处理，很容易产生形变，需 要再进行一道粗磨；此外粗磨螺纹过程中，由于进给量较大，经常会出现由于切削温度高而使螺纹滚道退火， 从而降低表面硬度的问题。优点在于因为是用车再磨的工艺，可以加工一些异形丝杠。

　　① Pure grinding process: The disadvantage is that the efficiency is very low, with more than 30 processes; Moreover, the raceway is first characterized and then subjected to heat treatment, which can easily cause deformation and requires a rough grinding process; In addition, during the rough grinding process of threads, due to the large feed rate, there is often a problem of annealing the thread raceway due to high cutting temperature, thereby reducing the surface hardness. The advantage is that because it is a process of grinding after use, it can process some irregular lead screws.

　　②轧制工艺：缺点在于精度比较低，但优点在于加工效率很高，一般用于低精度的丝杠。 ③旋风铣工艺：缺点在于淬火完的用于旋风铣的铁棒，一定要是标准的圆柱形，因此一些异形丝杠没法使用。行星滚柱丝杠加工：加工难度高&加工时间长相较于普通的滚珠丝杠，行星滚柱丝杠加工整体难度更高，主要体现在：

　　② Rolling process: The disadvantage is that the accuracy is relatively low, but the advantage is that the processing efficiency is very high, generally used for low precision lead screws Cyclone milling process: The disadvantage is that the quenched iron rod used for cyclone milling must be a standard cylindrical shape, so some irregular lead screws cannot be used. Planetary roller screw processing: high processing difficulty and long processing time. Compared to ordinary ball screws, planetary roller screw processing is generally more difficult, mainly reflected in:

　　（1）反向式行星滚柱丝杠螺母细而长，加工过程中容易发生碰撞干涉：通常加工螺母里面的内 螺纹滚道时，厂商采用砂轮中间穿一根杆子的办法，通过杆子的弯折，把砂轮送进去磨削螺旋沟 道。然而反向式行星滚柱丝杠的螺母较长，杆子容易和螺母出现碰撞干涉。

　　(1) The reverse planetary roller screw nut is thin and long, and collision interference is prone to occur during the machining process. Usually, when machining the internal thread raceway inside the nut, manufacturers use the method of threading a rod through the middle of the grinding wheel, and through the bending of the rod, the grinding wheel is sent into the spiral groove for grinding. However, the nut of the reverse planetary roller screw is relatively long, and the rod is prone to collision and interference with the nut.

　　（2）新工艺方案包括干涉磨削、软轴磨和内螺纹旋风铣：目前国内外针对螺母内螺纹加工，有三 种可行方法。种为干涉磨削法，即设计特殊的砂轮顶着碰撞加工，但这种方法效率低下且有 规格限制；第二种为软轴磨，即仍采用砂轮中穿杆子的办法，杆子与螺母平行，ongoing调整砂轮 和杆子的角度进行磨削；第三种为内螺纹旋风铣，目前系德国的主流加工方案，国内尚未突破。

　　(2) The new process plan includes interference grinding, soft shaft grinding, and internal thread whirlwind milling: currently, there are three feasible methods for nut internal thread machining at home and abroad. The first method is interference grinding, which involves designing a special grinding wheel to perform collision processing, but this method is inefficient and has specification limitations; The second method is soft shaft grinding, which still uses the method of inserting a rod through the grinding wheel, with the rod parallel to the nut, and adjusting the angle between the grinding wheel and the rod for grinding; The third method is internal thread whirlwind milling, which is currently the mainstream machining solution in Germany and has not yet been broken through domestically.

　　二、加工设备：螺纹磨床&旋风铣床为丝杠加工核心装备螺纹磨床：提升丝杠精度的关键设备磨床是利用磨具对工件表面进行磨削加工的机床： 磨床主要使用高速旋转的砂轮及砂带等磨具研磨工件的多余量，以获取所需形状、尺寸及加工面。按照工艺的 不同，磨床可主要分为外圆磨床、内圆磨床、无心磨床、平面磨床、轧辊磨床及其它专用磨床等。

　　2、 Processing equipment: Thread grinder&cyclone milling machine are the core equipment for screw processing. Thread grinder: the key equipment to improve screw accuracy. Grinding machine is a machine tool that uses grinding tools to grind the surface of the workpiece. Grinding machine mainly uses high-speed rotating grinding wheels and abrasive belts to grind the excess amount of the workpiece to obtain the desired shape, size, and processing surface. According to different processes, grinding machines can be mainly divided into external cylindrical grinding machines, internal cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, surface grinding machines, roll grinding machines, and other specialized grinding machines.

　　按照加工对 象的不同，磨床则可分为螺纹磨床、齿轮磨床、叶片磨床等。人形机器人催生大量丝杠需求，高精度磨床同样受益远期来看，人形机器人若迅速放量有望催生大量丝杠需求，因此高精度磨床作为关键生产设备 同样受益。根据我们测算，中性假设下，2030年人形机器人行星滚柱丝杠用磨床市场空间可 达50亿元，远期空间广阔。关键假设如下： 1）人形机器人产量：悲观/中性/乐观假设下2030年人形机器人产量分别为50/100/300万台 ；2）单台磨床制作行星滚珠丝杠用时：

　　According to the different processing objects, grinding machines can be divided into thread grinding machines, gear grinding machines, blade grinding machines, etc. Humanoid robots have generated a large demand for lead screws, and high-precision grinding machines have also benefited. In the long run, if humanoid robots rapidly increase in quantity, it is expected to generate a large demand for lead screws. Therefore, high-precision grinding machines, as key production equipment, will also benefit. According to our calculations, under the neutral assumption, the market space for planetary roller screw grinding machines for humanoid robots can reach 5 billion yuan by 2030, with a vast future space. The key assumptions are as follows: 1) Production of humanoid robots: Under pessimistic/neutral/optimistic assumptions, the production of humanoid robots in 2030 will be 50/100/3 million units respectively; 2) When using a single grinder to produce planetary ball screws:

　　悲观/中性/乐观假设下分别为1.2/1/0.8小时/根。三井精机：量测具起家，高精度磨床龙头三井精机成立于1928年，始终将“高精度”作为公司发展。1938年，三井精机制造了日本台高精密加工 机床4型坐标镗床，为日后研发各类高精度机床打下了坚实的基础。NC数控装置诞生后，公司和日本工业技术院 机械试验所共同开发了NC数控坐标镗床，率先实现了高精度加工的自动化。

　　Under pessimistic/neutral/optimistic assumptions, the hourly rates are 1.2/1/0.8 hours per root. Mitsui Precision Machinery: Starting with measuring tools, Mitsui Precision Machinery, the leader in high-precision grinding machines, was established in 1928 and has always regarded "high precision" as the focus of the company's development. In 1938, Mitsui Seiki manufactured Japan's first high-precision machining machine, the Type 4 coordinate boring machine, laying a solid foundation for the development of various high-precision machine tools in the future. After the birth of the NC numerical control device, the company and the Mechanical Testing Institute of the Japanese Industrial Technology Institute jointly developed the NC numerical control coordinate boring machine, which was the first to achieve automation of high-precision machining.

　　在90多年的发展历史中, 高精度是公 司始终追求的目标。公司主营产品为卧加、立加、磨床（坐标磨床和螺纹磨床），均处于世界水平，具体来看： 1）卧式加工中心：公司核心的机型，工作台面尺寸从400mm（小型机）到1500mm（超大型机）。其中HU63A、 HU80A适合高精度量产；H5D、H6D是具备全轴刮研滑动面的超高精度加工中心。

　　In the more than 90 year development history, high precision has always been the goal pursued by the company. The company's main products are horizontal machining, vertical machining, and grinding machines (coordinate grinding machines and thread grinding machines), all of which are at the world's leading level. Specifically, 1) Horizontal machining center: the company's most core model, with worktable sizes ranging from 400mm (small machines) to 1500mm (super large machines). Among them, HU63A and HU80A are suitable for high-precision mass production; H5D and H6D are ultra high precision machining centers with full axis scraping and sliding surfaces.

　　2）立式加工中心：具有代表性的机型为VU65A，其X轴行程1280mm，Y轴行程为650mm。主要应用于精密零件和 精密模具加工领域。

　　2) Vertical machining center: The representative model is VU65A, with an X-axis stroke of 1280mm and a Y-axis stroke of 650mm. Mainly used in the fields of precision parts and precision mold processing.

　　3）磨床：代表机型J300Ｇ是V-V（一部分V-F）刮研滑动面，定位精度在±0.0007mm，是能代表公司精度追求的 。在精密模具、光学仪器等终的精磨削加工过程中不可缺少。【秦川机床】老牌机床龙头，丝杠&磨床业务协同发展秦川机床下设子公司汉江机床负责磨床&丝杠导轨业务，其竞争实力处于国内梯队。

　　3) Grinding machine: The representative model J300G is V-V (partially V-F) scraping and grinding sliding surface, with a positioning accuracy of ± 0.0007mm, which is the most representative of the company's precision pursuit. It is indispensable in the final precision grinding process of precision molds, optical instruments, etc. Qinchuan Machine Tool is a veteran machine tool leader with collaborative development of screw and grinding machine business. Its subsidiary Hanjiang Machine Tool is responsible for grinding machine and screw guide rail business, and its competitive strength is in the first tier in China.

　　1）从规模来看，处于国产厂商前列：汉江机床2022年营收达4.0亿元，同比+28.8%，实现净利 润2479万元，同比+162.2%，在行业景气度较低的背景下逆势增长。

　　1) In terms of scale, Hanjiang Machine Tool is among the top domestic manufacturers: its revenue in 2022 reached 400 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.8%, and achieved a net profit of 24.79 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 162.2%, growing against the trend against the backdrop of low industry prosperity.

　　2）从竞争优势来看：

　　2) From the perspective of competitive advantage:

　　①丝杠导轨业务历史悠久，技术沉淀深厚：汉江机床从事滚动功能部 件50余年，是机床工具工业协会滚动功能部件分会的会长单位；

　　① The history of screw guide business is long and the technical accumulation is profound: Hanjiang Machine Tool specializes in rolling functional components for more than 50 years and is the president unit of the Rolling Functional Components Branch of the China Machine Tool Industry Association;

　　③拥有的螺纹磨削技 术：汉江机床是国内螺纹磨床龙头，掌握了螺纹磨削核心技术，其中丝杠导轨产品精度等级可 达P2-P3，核心滚动功能件进口替代；

　　③ Having leading thread grinding technology: Hanjiang Machine Tool is the leader in domestic thread grinding machines and has mastered the core technology of thread grinding. The precision level of screw guide products can reach P2-P3, leading the import substitution of core rolling functional components;

　　③磨床与丝杠导轨业务协同发展：高精度磨床是丝杠 导轨生产的必要设备，公司磨床和滚动功能件业务的无缝对接有效促进研发的良性循环。【日发精机】：国产高端轴承磨领域龙头地缘政治影响短期业绩，切入丝杠导轨磨领域打开成长空间： 2021年来尽管受到疫情的影响，但公司收入端基本保持稳定，2023Q1-Q3受制造业景气度下滑影响收入 端同比-4.6%。利润端受地缘政治影响较大，Airwork公司飞机被扣留导致出现大额的资产减值损失。凭 借在轴承磨领域的经验积累，公司切入丝杆导轨磨领域，目前已处于客户验证的关键时期，有望打开公 司长期成长空间。

　　③ The coordinated development of grinding machine and screw guide business: High precision grinding machine is a necessary equipment for the production of screw guide, and the seamless integration of the company's grinding machine and rolling functional parts business effectively promotes a virtuous cycle of research and development. Nichatsu Precision Machinery: Geopolitics has affected the short-term performance of domestic high-end bearing grinding industry leaders, and entering the field of screw and guide rail grinding has opened up growth space: Despite the impact of the epidemic in 2021, the company's revenue has remained stable, with a year-on-year decrease of -4.6% in revenue from Q1 to Q3 2023 due to the decline in manufacturing prosperity. The profit side is greatly affected by geopolitical factors, and Airwork's aircraft have been detained, resulting in significant asset impairment losses. With accumulated experience in the field of bearing grinding, the company has entered the field of screw guide rail grinding and is currently in a critical period of customer verification, which is expected to open up long-term growth space for the company.

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