导轨是支撑被加工零件，并使其按规定方向运动的部件。导轨的导向误差会直接 影响运动轨迹，终导致工件产生加工误差。导轨的基本结构是静导轨（导轨）和动导轨（滑块），导轨起支撑作用，滑块连 接运动件，沿导轨作直线运动。根据导轨和滑块的接触结构，可分为滑动导轨、 滚动导轨和液体静压导轨。

A guide rail is a component that supports the processed part and causes it to move in a specified direction. The guiding error of the guide rail will directly affect the motion trajectory, ultimately leading to machining errors in the workpiece. The basic structure of a guide rail is a static guide rail (guide rail) and a moving guide rail (slider). The guide rail plays a supporting role, and the slider is connected to the moving parts and moves in a straight line along the guide rail. According to the contact structure between the guide rail and slider, it can be divided into sliding guide rail, rolling guide rail, and hydrostatic guide rail.

（1）滑动导轨，又称硬轨，是指工作面之间通过滑动摩擦运动的导轨；具有结 构简单、刚度好，承载能力强、抗震性强、易维修等优点，缺点是摩擦系数较大；适用于低精度重切削；

(1) Sliding guide rail, also known as hard rail, refers to the guide rail that moves between working surfaces through sliding friction; It has the advantages of simple structure, good stiffness, strong load-bearing capacity, strong seismic resistance, and easy maintenance, but the disadvantage is that the friction coefficient is relatively large; Suitable for low precision heavy cutting;

（2）滚动导轨，又称线轨，是指在工作面之间安装滚动体（滚珠、滚柱和滚针） 的导轨；具有摩擦系数小、响应速度快、运行速度高等优点，缺点是刚度、稳定 性和抗震性不及滑动导轨，承载小，维修性差；适用于高精度、高速轻加工；

(2) Rolling guide rail, also known as line rail, refers to a guide rail that installs rolling elements (balls, rollers, and needles) between working surfaces; It has the advantages of low friction coefficient, fast response speed, and high operating speed, but the disadvantage is that its stiffness, stability, and seismic resistance are not as good as those of sliding guides, with low load-bearing capacity and poor maintainability; Suitable for high-precision, high-speed light processing;

（3）液体静压导轨是指在工作面之间通入压力油，使运动件浮起，油压能随着 外加负载的变化而自动调节，以保证工作面间始终处于纯液体的摩擦状态，同时 采用直线电机驱动，光栅尺为位置反馈系统，形成系统的全闭环控制；摩擦系数 极小，但是结构复杂，制造成本高，实际应用较少。

(3) Liquid static pressure guide rail refers to the process of introducing pressure oil between working surfaces, causing the moving parts to float. The oil pressure can be automatically adjusted with changes in the applied load to ensure that the working surfaces are always in a pure liquid friction state. At the same time, it is driven by a linear motor and a grating ruler is used as a position feedback system, forming a full closed-loop control system; The friction coefficient is extremely small, but the structure is complex, the manufacturing cost is high, and there are few practical applications.

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